Costa Rican Hardwood Species Guide

Scientific Name: Enterolobium cyclocarpum
Family: Fabaceae (Legume family)
Common Names: Guanacaste, Parota, Elephant Ear Tree, Devil's Ear Tree, Earpod Tree, Monkey Ear Tree, Orejón, Conacaste, Caro Caro, Corotú, Mexican Walnut, Central American Walnut

Native to tropical regions of the Americas, Enterolobium cyclocarpum is found from central Mexico through Central America to northern South America. It is particularly abundant in Costa Rica, where it holds the status of the national tree. The tree thrives in lowland areas and is commonly planted for shade and ornamental purposes. ​

• Height: Typically grows between 20–30 meters (65–100 feet) tall.
   
• Trunk Diameter: Can reach up to 2.5 meters (8 feet).
   
• Canopy: Features a broad, umbrella-shaped crown providing extensive shade.
   
• Leaves: Bipinnate leaves with numerous small leaflets.
   
• Flowers: Produces small, white to greenish flowers arranged in compact, round heads.
   
• Seed Pods: Distinctive ear-shaped pods, dark brown when mature, containing sweet pulp and several seeds.
   

• Color: Heartwood is light to medium brown, sometimes with a reddish hue; sapwood is pale yellow and clearly demarcated.
   
• Grain: Typically interlocked; texture is coarse with a moderate natural luster.
   
• Density: Approximately 440 kg/m³ (27 lbs/ft³) when dried.
   
• Janka Hardness: Approximately 470 lbf (2,100 N), indicating moderate softness.
   
• Durability: Rated as durable to very durable; exhibits mixed resistance to insect attacks.
   
• Workability: Easy to work with hand and machine tools; however, tear-out can occur during planing, and fuzzy surfaces may result after machining. Glues and finishes well. ​
   

• Furniture: Ideal for crafting tables, chairs, and cabinets due to its aesthetic appeal and workability.
   
• Carving & Turnery: Suitable for bowls, sculptures, and other artistic creations.
   
• Boatbuilding: Used in constructing small boats and canoes.
   
• Millwork: Applied in interior trim, paneling, and veneer.
   
• Others: Employed in making musical instruments, doors, windows, and decorative items. ​
   

• Carbon Sequestration: A mature Enterolobium cyclocarpum tree can absorb significant amounts of CO₂ annually, contributing to carbon reduction efforts.
   
• Soil Improvement: As a leguminous tree, it enriches soil fertility through nitrogen fixation.
   
• Shade Provider: Commonly planted in agroforestry systems to provide shade for crops like coffee and cacao. ​
   

• Aesthetic Appeal: Distinctive grain patterns and rich coloration make it a favorite for high-end furniture and décor.
   
• Sustainability: Fast-growing and widely cultivated, making it a more sustainable hardwood option.
   
• Versatility: Suitable for a wide range of applications, from construction to fine woodworking.
   
• Durability: Natural resistance to decay and pests ensures longevity of products.​
   

Scientific Name: Samanea saman (syn. Albizia saman)
Family: Fabaceae (Legume family)
Common Names: Monkeypod, Rain Tree, Saman, Suar, Cow Tamarind, French Tamarind, Guango, East Indian Walnut, Koa, Costa Rican Walnut

Native to Central and South America, Samanea saman has been widely introduced to tropical regions worldwide, including Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, and parts of Africa. Its adaptability to various climates and soils makes it a popular choice for reforestation and ornamental planting.

• Height: Typically grows between 15–25 meters (50–80 feet) tall.
   
• Canopy: Features a broad, umbrella-shaped crown providing extensive shade.
   
• Leaves: Bipinnate leaves that fold during rain or at night, a phenomenon contributing to its nickname "Rain Tree."
   
• Flowers: Produces pinkish flowers with white and red stamens, attracting various pollinators.
   
• Seed Pods: Curved, leathery pods containing sweet, edible pulp; pods are often used as livestock feed.
   

• Color: Heartwood ranges from golden to dark brown, occasionally with darker streaks; sapwood is pale yellow to white.
   
• Grain: Typically straight but can be interlocked; exhibits a medium to coarse texture with a natural luster.
   
• Density: Approximately 0.62 g/cm³ at 12% moisture content.
   
• Janka Hardness: Approximately 1,030 lbf (4,580 N), indicating moderate hardness suitable for various applications.
   
• Durability: Rated as durable to very durable; resistant to decay and termite attacks.
   
• Workability: Easy to work with both hand and machine tools; glues and finishes well, though interlocked grain may cause some challenges. ​
   

• Furniture: Ideal for crafting tables, chairs, and cabinets due to its aesthetic appeal and workability.
   
• Carving & Turnery: Suitable for bowls, sculptures, and other artistic creations.
   
• Musical Instruments: Used in making instruments like guitars and ukuleles.
   
• Construction: Employed in making beams, doors, and windows.
   
• Others: Applied in veneer, plywood, millwork, and decorative items.
   

• Carbon Sequestration: A mature Samanea saman tree can absorb approximately 28.5 metric tons of CO₂ annually, contributing significantly to carbon reduction efforts.
   
• Soil Improvement: As a leguminous tree, it enriches soil fertility through nitrogen fixation.
   
• Shade Provider: Commonly planted in agroforestry systems to provide shade for crops like coffee and cacao.
   

• Aesthetic Appeal: Distinctive grain patterns and rich coloration make it a favorite for high-end furniture and décor.
   
• Sustainability: Fast-growing and widely cultivated, making it a more sustainable hardwood option.
   
• Versatility: Suitable for a wide range of applications, from construction to fine woodworking.
   
• Durability: Natural resistance to decay and pests ensures longevity of products.

Scientific Name: Anacardium excelsum
Family: Anacardiaceae (Cashew family)
Common Names: Espavé, Espavel, Wild Cashew, Caracolí, Mijagao, Pomme Caju, Quina, Marañón​

Native to Central and South America, Anacardium excelsum thrives in tropical lowland forests, particularly along riverbanks and moist areas. It's prevalent in countries like Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela. ​

• Height: Typically reaches 20–40 meters (65–130 feet) tall.
   
• Trunk: Straight, cylindrical, often with buttresses at the base.
   
• Leaves: Simple, alternate, and clustered at branch ends.
   
• Flowers: Small, greenish-yellow, arranged in panicles.
   
• Fruit: Resembles the common cashew; however, the raw nuts are toxic and require proper processing before consumption. ​

• Color: Heartwood is medium to dark brown with reddish-orange hues; sapwood is lighter.
   
• Grain: Generally straight with a medium to coarse texture and natural luster.
   
• Density: Approximately 0.39–0.44 g/cm³ at 12% moisture content.
   
• Janka Hardness: Estimated around 1,160 lbf (5,160 N), indicating moderate hardness.
   
• Durability: Moderately durable; susceptible to fungi and insect attacks if not properly treated.
   
• Workability: Easy to saw; however, planing and sanding can be challenging due to woolly grain. Good for shaping and mortising; fair for turning. ​
   

• Furniture: Tables, chairs, cabinets, and general carpentry.
   
• Construction: Beams, joists, frames, and concrete forms.
   
• Veneer & Plywood: Decorative panels and plywood sheets.
   
• Tools & Utensils: Handles, kitchen utensils, and agricultural tools.
   
• Others: Boxes, crates, pallets, and sometimes in boatbuilding. ​
   

• Habitat: Provides shelter and food for various wildlife, including monkeys, birds, and bats.
   
• Soil Improvement: Its presence along riverbanks helps prevent soil erosion.
   
• Carbon Sequestration: Contributes to carbon capture, aiding in climate regulation.​
   

• Aesthetic Appeal: Attractive coloration and grain patterns suitable for fine woodworking.
   
• Versatility: Applicable in various industries, from construction to furniture making.
   
• Sustainability: Not listed in CITES Appendices or on the IUCN Red List, indicating a stable population. 

Scientific Name: Hymenaea courbaril
Family: Fabaceae (Legume family)
Common Names: Jatobá, Brazilian Cherry, West Indian Locust, Courbaril, Guapinol, Stinking Toe Tree, Algarrobo, Copal Tree​

Native to the tropical regions of the Americas, Hymenaea courbaril is found from southern Mexico through Central America and into South America, including countries like Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia. It also grows in the Caribbean islands. ​

• Height: Typically reaches 25–40 meters (82–131 feet) tall.
   
• Trunk: Straight and cylindrical, often with a diameter of 2–4 feet.
   
• Leaves: Compound leaves with two leaflets; glossy green and leathery.
   
• Flowers: Small, fragrant, cream-colored flowers arranged in clusters.
   
• Fruit: Hard, woody pods containing a dry, edible pulp with a strong odor, leading to the nickname "Stinking Toe Tree." ​
   

• Color: Heartwood varies from salmon to orange-brown, often with dark streaks; it darkens to a deep red or brown over time.
   
• Grain: Typically interlocked with a medium to coarse texture and a natural luster.
   
• Density: Approximately 910 kg/m³ (57 lbs/ft³) at 12% moisture content.
   
• Janka Hardness: Approximately 2,690 lbf (11,950 N), indicating high hardness suitable for various applications.
   
• Durability: Rated as very durable; resistant to rot, termites, and most other insects.
   
• Workability: Moderately difficult to work with due to its density and hardness; however, it glues, stains, and finishes well.
   

• Flooring: Highly durable and resistant to wear, making it ideal for residential and commercial flooring.
   
• Furniture: Used in crafting tables, chairs, cabinets, and other fine furniture pieces.
   
• Cabinetry: Preferred for its strength and aesthetic appeal.
   
• Tool Handles: Utilized for its shock resistance and durability.
   
• Shipbuilding: Employed in constructing various parts of ships due to its strength.
   
• Turnery: Suitable for turned objects like bowls and decorative items.
• 
  

• Carbon Sequestration: As a large, long-lived tree, it contributes significantly to carbon capture.
   
• Soil Enrichment: Being a leguminous tree, it helps in nitrogen fixation, improving soil fertility.
   
• Wildlife Habitat: Provides habitat and food for various animal species.​
   

• Aesthetic Appeal: Rich coloration and attractive grain patterns make it a favorite for high-end applications.
   
• Durability: Exceptional hardness and resistance to wear and pests ensure longevity.
   
• Sustainability: Widely available and not listed as threatened, making it a sustainable choice.
   
• Versatility: Suitable for a wide range of applications, from flooring to fine woodworking.

Scientific Name: Balizia elegans (Ducke) Barneby & J.W.Grimes
Synonyms: Pithecellobium elegans Ducke, Albizia duckeana L.Rico
Family: Fabaceae (Legume family)
Common Names: Elegant Balizia, Elegant Tree,  Blackbeads tree wood, Ajillo 

Balizia elegans is native to tropical regions of South America, including Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. It thrives in dry, open woodlands and is often found in well-drained soils. The species is adapted to full sun conditions and is commonly used in ornamental landscaping. ​

• Height: Typically grows as a small to medium-sized evergreen tree.
   
• Leaves: Pinnate leaves with small, oval-shaped leaflets.
   
• Flowers: Small, yellow flowers with five petals, arranged in clusters.
   
• Fruit: Short, cylindrical seed pods containing small, black seeds.
   
• Growth Habit: Often used as a hedge plant due to its dense foliage and manageable size.
   

Detailed information on the wood properties of Balizia elegans is limited. However, as a member of the Fabaceae family, it is likely to possess characteristics common to leguminous trees, such as:​

• Color: Presumed to have light to medium brown heartwood with lighter sapwood.
   
• Grain: Potentially straight to interlocked grain with a fine to medium texture.
   
• Density: Estimated to be moderately heavy, suitable for general woodworking purposes.
   
• Durability: Likely to be moderately durable, with some resistance to decay and insects.​
   

Note: Further research and wood testing are recommended to confirm these properties.​

• Ornamental Landscaping: Popular as a garden tree or hedge plant due to its attractive foliage and manageable size.
   
• Reforestation: Utilized in silvopastoral systems and reforestation projects in tropical regions.
   
• Potential Wood Uses: While specific uses are not well-documented, the wood may be suitable for light construction, furniture, and craft items.
   

• Soil Improvement: As a leguminous tree, Balizia elegans contributes to nitrogen fixation, enhancing soil fertility.
   
• Biodiversity Support: Provides habitat and food sources for various insects and birds.
   
• Erosion Control: Its root system can help stabilize soil, making it useful in erosion-prone areas.​
   

• Aesthetic Appeal: Attractive foliage and flowers make it a desirable ornamental plant.
   
• Adaptability: Thrives in a range of soil types and climatic conditions, particularly in tropical regions.
   
• Low Maintenance: Requires minimal care once established, making it suitable for urban landscaping.
   
• Environmental Benefits: Contributes to soil health and supports local ecosystems.​
   

Scientific Name: Prioria copaifera Griseb.
Family: Fabaceae (Legume family)
Common Names: Cativo, Camibar, Cautivo, Trementino, Aceite, Amansa Mujer, Cativo Cucharo ​

Prioria copaifera is native to tropical regions of Central and South America, including Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Jamaica. It thrives in wet tropical biomes, particularly in tidal estuaries behind mangrove fringes. In Panama, it often forms nearly monospecific stands known as "cativales" in swampy areas along rivers. ​

• Height: Typically grows between 20–40 meters (65–130 feet) tall.
   
• Trunk: Straight and cylindrical, often unbranched until near the top, with diameters up to 1.5 meters.
   
• Leaves: Paripinnate with 1–2 pairs of opposite, leathery leaflets exhibiting translucent dots and brown spots.
   
• Flowers: Small, creamy-white, fragrant, arranged in terminal spikes.
   
• Fruit: Suborbicular, concave legumes measuring 8–10 cm, green when immature and turning brown upon maturation. ​
   

• Color: Light brown heartwood with a uniform appearance; sapwood is lighter and not distinctly demarcated.
   
• Grain: Generally straight with a fine to medium texture and a natural luster.
   
• Density: Approximately 400–450 kg/m³ (25–28 lbs/ft³) at 12% moisture content.
   
• Janka Hardness: Approximately 630 lbf (2,800 N), indicating moderate hardness.
   
• Shrinkage: Radial: 3.4%; Tangential: 5.3%; Volumetric: 8.7%; T/R Ratio: 1.6.
   
• Durability: Classified as nondurable; susceptible to decay and insect attacks.
   
• Workability: Easy to work with both hand and machine tools; glues and finishes well. ​
   

• Furniture: Tables, chairs, cabinets, and interior trim.
   
• Plywood & Veneer: Used extensively for lumber core in plywood production.
   
• Millwork: Joinery, moldings, and picture frames.
   
• Others: Boxes, crates, and light construction. ​
   

• Habitat Formation: Provides habitat for various wildlife species in swampy and estuarine environments.
   
• Soil Stabilization: Its root systems help prevent soil erosion in wetland areas.
   
• Resin Production: The tree secretes a black resin when cut, which is collected by orchid bees for nest construction. ​
   

• Aesthetic Appeal: Uniform light brown color with fine texture suitable for high-quality finishes.
   
• Workability: Easy to machine, glue, and finish, making it ideal for various woodworking applications.
   
• Availability: Abundant in its native range, especially in Panama, where it forms large stands.
   
• Versatility: Suitable for a wide range of interior applications, from furniture to millwork

Scientific Name: Eucalyptus deglupta
Family: Myrtaceae
Common Names: Rainbow Eucalyptus, Mindanao Gum, Rainbow Gum, Bagras (Philippines), Kamarere (Papua New Guinea)​

Native to the Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Timor-Leste, Eucalyptus deglupta is the only eucalyptus species that naturally grows in the Northern Hemisphere. It thrives in tropical rainforests and is commonly found in regions with high rainfall. ​

• Height: Can reach up to 75 meters (246 feet) in its natural habitat.
   
• Bark: Renowned for its multicolored bark that peels to reveal vibrant hues of green, blue, orange, and maroon, giving it the "rainbow" appearance.
   
• Leaves: Evergreen, lance-shaped leaves that are aromatic when crushed.
   
• Flowers: Small, white to cream-colored flowers that bloom throughout the year.​
   

• Color: Heartwood ranges from light red to reddish-brown; sapwood is pale and not distinctly demarcated.
   
• Grain: Generally straight with a fine to medium texture.
   
• Density: Approximately 500 kg/m³ at 12% moisture content.
   
• Janka Hardness: Approximately 650 lbf (2,890 N), indicating moderate hardness.
   
• Durability: Heartwood is not resistant to decay fungi; sapwood is susceptible to insect attacks.
   
• Workability: Easy to work with both hand and machine tools; glues and finishes well.​
   

• Furniture: Tables, chairs, cabinets, and interior trim.
   
• Pulpwood: Widely used in the production of paper due to its strong and bright pulp.
   
• Veneer & Plywood: Used extensively for veneer and plywood production.
   
• Millwork: Joinery, moldings, and picture frames.
   
• Others: Boxes, crates, and light construction.​

• Carbon Sequestration: As a fast-growing tree, it contributes significantly to carbon capture.
   
• Soil Stabilization: Its root systems help prevent soil erosion in tropical regions.
   
• Reforestation: Used in reforestation projects and as a shade tree in agroforestry systems. ​
   

• Aesthetic Appeal: Unique multicolored bark makes it a standout choice for ornamental planting.
   
• Versatility: Suitable for a wide range of applications, from pulpwood to fine woodworking.
   
• Sustainability: Fast-growing and widely cultivated, making it a sustainable hardwood option.​

Scientific Name: Inga leoicalycina
Family: Fabaceae (Legume family)
Common Names: While specific local/common names for Inga leoicalycina may vary, related species are often referred to as:

• Guaba

• Guabo ron ron 

•  Guatemalan Mora
   
• Ice Cream Bean
   
• Inga Tree
   
• Churimo
   
• Churimo blanco
   

• Native to the lowland tropical forests of Central and South America, especially Costa Rica and Panama.
   
• Thrives in wet, humid environments and along riverbanks.
   
• Commonly used in agroforestry systems for shade and erosion control.
   

• Height: Medium-sized tree, usually 10–20 meters tall.
   
• Leaves: Compound, pinnate leaves with prominent leaflets.
   
• Flowers: Showy white or cream-colored flowers in clusters, rich in nectar and pollinator-attracting.
   
• Fruit: Produces long, flat pods with edible, cottony pulp inside (like most Inga species).
   

• Color: Light brown to pale yellow with minimal contrast between heartwood and sapwood.
   
• Grain: Straight to slightly interlocked; medium texture.
   
• Workability: Easy to work with; glues and finishes well.
   
• Durability: Considered non-durable; not highly resistant to termites or decay if untreated.
   
• Density: Estimated between 400–550 kg/m³ at 12% moisture content.
   
• Janka Hardness: Estimated around 700–900 lbf (approximate, based on similar Inga species).
   

• Furniture: Suitable for light-use indoor furniture.
   
• Carving: Good for local crafts and turned items due to its softness and ease of shaping.
   
• Interior Millwork: Used in moldings, paneling, and trim.
   
• Boxes & Crates: Often used in low-cost applications like pallets or light construction.
   
• Agroforestry: Widely planted as a shade tree for coffee and cacao crops due to its nitrogen-fixing ability.
   

• Nitrogen Fixation: Like most legumes, Inga leoicalycina enhances soil fertility.
   
• Erosion Control: Strong root systems stabilize soil on slopes and riverbanks.
   
• Biodiversity Support: Provides habitat and food for birds, bees, and pollinators.
   
• Carbon Capture: Medium-level carbon sequestration for mid-sized hardwoods.
   

• Fast Growth: Ideal for quick regeneration and sustainable sourcing.
   
• Agroforestry Integration: Perfect companion tree in shade-grown farming systems.
   
• Eco-Friendly: Naturally replenishing, ideal for reforestation and green design.
   
• Affordable: Accessible hardwood option for sustainable manufacturing.

Scientific Name: Peltogyne purpurea Pittier
Family: Fabaceae (Legume family)
Common Names: Purpleheart, Nazareno, Morado, Amaranth, Palo Morado, Pau Roxo, Violetwood, Purperhart, Sacka, Koroboreli 

Native to the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Panama, as well as the Atlantic coast of Colombia, Peltogyne purpurea thrives in humid lowland rainforests at elevations between 50 and 500 meters. It prefers well-drained, deep loamy soils and is commonly found in areas with annual rainfall exceeding 2,500 mm.

• Height: Up to 50 meters (164 feet) tall
   
• Trunk Diameter: Up to 1 meter (3.3 feet)
   
• Crown: Rounded with short buttress roots
   
• Bark: Smooth and light gray in mature trees
   
• Leaves: Alternate, pinnate with a single pair of leaflets
   
• Flowers: Small, white, aromatic, arranged in subterminal panicles
   
• Fruit: Brown, compressed, oval-shaped pods containing a single seed ​
   

• Color: Freshly cut heartwood is pale brown, turning to a rich purple upon exposure; sapwood is gray-yellow
   
• Grain: Usually straight, but can be wavy or irregular
   
• Texture: Medium with good natural luster
   
• Density: Approximately 0.8–1.0 g/cm³
   
• Janka Hardness: 2,520 lbf (11,190 N)
   
• Durability: Very durable; resists decay and most insects, though susceptible to marine borers
   
• Workability: Moderately difficult; can exude gummy resin when heated, which may clog tools; pre-drilling recommended for nailing; glues and finishes well ​
   

• Furniture: Tables, chairs, cabinets, and fine woodworking
   
• Flooring: Durable and visually striking hardwood flooring
   
• Boatbuilding: Used in wooden boat construction and restoration
   
• Decorative Veneers: Paneling, marquetry, and inlays
   
• Musical Instruments: Components like fretboards and neck reinforcements
   
• Artisanal Items: Turned objects, sculptures, and luxury items ​
   

• Habitat Formation: Provides habitat for various wildlife species in tropical rainforests
   
• Soil Stabilization: Its root systems help prevent soil erosion in sloped terrains
   
• Biodiversity Support: Contributes to the ecological diversity of its native regions​
   

• Aesthetic Appeal: Unique purple heartwood offers a distinctive look for high-end applications
   
• Durability: Exceptional hardness and resistance to wear and pests ensure longevity
   
• Versatility: Suitable for a wide range of applications, from structural elements to fine woodworking
   
• Sustainability: While not listed in the CITES Appendices, responsible sourcing is essential due to its vulnerability in certain regions

Scientific Name: Humiriastrum diguense
Family: Humiriaceae
Common Names: Chiricano, Colombian Nutwood, Diguense, Wild Nutwood, Amarillo Duro, Chiricano wood

Humiriastrum diguense is native to humid lowland forests in Central and South America, particularly regions of Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador. It thrives in tropical climates and is typically found at low to mid elevations in well-drained soils.

• Height: Can reach up to 30 meters (98 feet) tall
   
• Trunk: Straight and cylindrical, often with a clear bole ideal for lumber
   
• Leaves: Simple, alternate, thick, and glossy
   
• Flowers: Small, yellow-white, aromatic
   
• Fruit: Nut-like drupe, not commonly consumed
   

• Color: Light brown to reddish-brown heartwood, often with a golden hue
   
• Grain: Usually straight but can be slightly interlocked; fine texture
   
• Density: Approx. 875 kg/m³ (54.6 lb/ft³)
   
• Janka Hardness: Estimated 1,600–1,800 lbf, very hard and wear-resistant
   
• Durability: Highly durable, naturally resistant to rot, insects, and fungi
   
• Workability: Moderate to difficult due to density; requires sharp tools; glues and finishes well
   

• Furniture: Premium wood for heavy-use items like dining tables and cabinets
   
• Flooring: Excellent for hardwood floors due to strength and wear resistance
   
• Joinery & Millwork: Ideal for doors, frames, and detailed trim
   
• Boatbuilding: Sometimes used in marine applications due to its strength and durability
   
• Turnery: Used in artisan products, bowls, handles, and luxury woodcraft
   

• Carbon Sequestration: High due to long lifespan and dense wood
   
• Forest Stability: Its root system supports soil retention in its native habitat
   
• Habitat: Provides habitat and canopy coverage for tropical wildlife
   

• Premium Hardness & Strength: Comparable to teak and jatoba, ideal for high-traffic applications
   
• Attractive Grain: Golden to reddish tones with fine texture for high-end aesthetics
   
• Eco-Friendly Appeal: Naturally durable, reducing the need for chemical treatment
   
• Exclusive & Exotic: Rare outside its native region, prized for specialty projects and custom orders

Scientific Name: Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze
Family: Fabaceae (Legume family)
Common Names: Pracaxi, Gavilán, Oil Bean Tree, Wild Tamarind, Palo de Aceite, Paracachy, Mulato, Sangregado, Quebracho, Pracachy, Parana-Cachy

• Native to Central and South America: Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, and the Guianas.
   
• Common in lowland rainforests, floodplains, and riverbanks.
   
• Tolerates seasonal flooding and thrives in nutrient-rich, alluvial soils.
   
• Often found forming dense stands in swampy or wet forest environments.
   

• Height: 15–30 meters (can reach up to 40 m in native forests)
   
• Trunk Diameter: Up to 1.3 meters
   
• Leaves: Large, bipinnate with 20–30 pairs of leaflets
   
• Flowers: Small, fragrant, white to cream; pollinated by bees and wasps
   
• Fruit: Long, flat, woody pods (30–45 cm) that explosively dehisce, releasing large brown seeds
   
• Seed Dispersal: Adapted for both explosive and water-based dispersal
   

• Color: Reddish-brown heartwood, pale pink to yellowish sapwood
   
• Grain: Interlocked, often irregular
   
• Texture: Medium, with a dull to moderate luster
   
• Density: ~0.61 g/cm³ (air dry)
   
• Janka Hardness: ~2,370 lbf (10,550 N)
   
• Durability: Moderately durable; resistant to decay but may be vulnerable to termites
   
• Workability: Machines fairly well, but interlocked grain can cause tear-out; finishes and glues well
   
• Shrinkage: Tangential ~8.5%; Radial ~4.5%
   

• Extracted from the seeds, Pracaxi oil is high in:
   
  • Behenic acid
     
  • Oleic acid
     
  • Linoleic acid
     
• Used in natural cosmetics for:
   
  • Hair smoothing and shine
     
  • Skin hydration
     
  • Scar treatment and wound healing
     
• Often marketed as a natural alternative to silicones in hair care products
   

• Timber Uses:
   
  • Furniture
     
  • Interior joinery
     
  • Flooring
     
  • Mouldings
     
  • Doors and windows
     
  • Boat building
     
  • Railroad ties and heavy construction (locally)
     
• Non-Timber Uses:
   
  • Pracaxi oil in cosmetics and skincare
     
  • Traditional medicine (anti-inflammatory, for treating snake bites and ulcers)
     
  • Fish poison in traditional Amazonian communities
     

• Nitrogen-Fixing Tree: Improves soil fertility in tropical ecosystems
   
• Erosion Control: Useful in reforestation and riparian buffer zones
   
• Carbon Sequestration: Contributes significantly to tropical forest biomass
   
• Biodiversity Support: Flowers attract bees, wasps, and other pollinators
   

• Unique blend of timber and non-timber value
   
• Rich, reddish wood ideal for upscale furniture
   
• Pracaxi oil adds value in health and beauty industries
   
• Sustainably harvested tropical hardwood
   
• Native to reforestation projects in Central America
   

Scientific Name: Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.
Family: Fabaceae (Legume family)
Common Names: Ear Pod Tree, Elephant Ear Tree, Guanacaste Tree, Caro Caro, Monkey Ear Tree, Devil’s Ear Tree
Native Range: Tropical regions of the Americas, from central Mexico south to northern Brazil and Venezuela ​

🌍 Origin & Distribution

Enterolobium cyclocarpum is native to tropical regions of the Americas, including central Mexico, and extends south to northern Brazil and Venezuela. It thrives in lowland tropical forests and is particularly abundant in Costa Rica, where it is the national tree.

• Height: Typically grows to 25–35 meters tall, with a trunk diameter up to 3.5 meters.​
   
• Crown: Broad and spreading, often hemispherical, providing ample shade.​
   
• Bark: Light gray with prominent dark reddish-brown vertical fissures.​
   
• Leaves: Light green, bipinnately compound, measuring about 15–40 cm long and 17 cm wide.​
   
• Flowers: Small, white, aromatic, borne in compact, rounded inflorescences.
   
• Fruit: Indehiscent, brown, ear-shaped pods containing 8–16 oval-shaped seeds.​
   

• Color: Reddish-brown heartwood; white sapwood.​
   
• Density: Approximately 0.4–0.6 g/cm³.​
   
• Grain: Straight to interlocked.​
   
• Texture: Coarse.​
   
• Durability: Moderately durable; resistant to dry-wood termites and Lyctus beetles; however, sapwood is highly susceptible to insect attack.​
   
• Workability: Moderately difficult; glues and finishes well; pre-drilling recommended for nailing.​
   

• Furniture: Used for making doors, windows, furniture, and cabinets.​
   
• Boatbuilding: Suitable for shipbuilding due to its water resistance.​
   
• Construction: Utilized in house construction and non-structural interior elements like paneling.​
   
• Agriculture: Shade tree in coffee plantations and agro-silvopastoral systems; improves soil fertility by nitrogen fixation.

• Livestock Feed: Pods are highly palatable and nutritious for livestock; foliage is also consumed, though to a lesser extent.​
   

• Shade Provider: Offers significant shade, making it ideal for livestock and crop protection from intense sunlight.​
   
• Soil Fertility: As a nitrogen-fixing tree, it enhances soil fertility.​
   
• Erosion Control: Its root system helps prevent soil erosion .​
   
• Fire Resistance: Mature trees have the capability to withstand fire.​

• Aesthetic Appeal: Distinctive ear-shaped pods and broad canopy make it an attractive ornamental tree.​
   
• Fast Growth: Rapid growth provides quick shade and timber.​
   
• Sustainability: Nitrogen-fixing properties and rapid growth make it a sustainable choice for agroforestry and reforestation projects.​
   
• Versatility: Suitable for various applications, including furniture, construction, and agriculture.​

Scientific Name: Diphysa americana (Mill.) M. Sousa
Family: Fabaceae (Legume family)
Common Names: Guachipelín, Guachipalí, Macano, Cacique
Native Range: Tropical regions of Central America, including southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama.

Diphysa americana is native to tropical regions of Central America, extending from southern Mexico through Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. It thrives in lowland forests, particularly in areas with a dry season, and is commonly found at elevations ranging from 100 to 1,500 meters above sea level. The tree is adapted to various soil types, including those with low fertility, and is often found in coastal plains and valleys.

• Height: Typically grows to 15–30 meters tall, with a trunk diameter up to 1 meter.
   
• Crown: Broad, hemispherical canopy providing ample shade.​
   
• Bark: Grayish-brown to light gray, rough with deep fissures.​
   
• Leaves: Imparipinnate, 3–15 cm long; 3–13 pairs of leaflets; leaflets are elliptical to obovate, with a rounded to emarginate apex.​
   
• Flowers: Yellow, 1.5 cm long, in axillary racemes.

• Fruit: Dehiscent legume, 6–10 cm long, green turning pale brown when mature; contains several oblong seeds.
   

• Color: Light brown to reddish-brown with darker streaks.
   
• Density: Approximately 0.75–0.85 g/cm³.​
   
• Grain: Straight to interlocked.​
   
• Texture: Fine to medium.​
   
• Durability: Moderately durable; susceptible to termites and decay if not properly treated.​
   
• Workability: Moderately difficult; pre-drilling recommended for nailing.​
   

• Furniture: Used for making doors, windows, furniture, and cabinets.​
   
• Boatbuilding: Suitable for shipbuilding due to its water resistance.​
   
• Construction: Utilized in house construction and non-structural interior elements like paneling.​
   
• Agriculture: Shade tree in coffee plantations and agro-silvopastoral systems; improves soil fertility by nitrogen fixation.​
   
• Livestock Feed: Pods are highly palatable and nutritious for livestock; foliage is also consumed, though to a lesser extent.​
   

• Shade Provider: Offers significant shade, making it ideal for livestock and crop protection from intense sunlight.
   
• Soil Fertility: As a nitrogen-fixing tree, it enhances soil fertility.​
   
• Erosion Control: Its root system helps prevent soil erosion.
   
• Fire Resistance: Mature trees have the capability to withstand fire.
   

• Aesthetic Appeal: Distinctive ear-shaped pods and broad canopy make it an attractive ornamental tree.​
   
• Fast Growth: Rapid growth provides quick shade and timber.​
   
• Sustainability: Nitrogen-fixing properties and rapid growth make it a sustainable choice for agroforestry and reforestation projects.​
   
• Versatility: Suitable for various applications, including furniture, construction, and agriculture.​
   

Scientific Name: Pseudosamanea guachapele (Kunth) Harms
Family: Fabaceae (Legume family)
Common Names: Cenízaro blanco, Guachapele, Guayaquil, Frijolillo, Tabaca, Guamarillo, Samanigua
Native Range: Tropical regions of Central and South America, including Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.

Pseudosamanea guachapele is native to tropical regions of Central and South America, extending from Guatemala through Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. It thrives in dry areas, pastures, and abandoned fields, often found at elevations ranging from sea level up to 3,000 meters above sea level.

• Height: Typically grows to 10–25 meters tall; exceptionally up to 50 meters.
   
• Crown: Spreading, rounded canopy providing ample shade.
   
• Leaves: Pinnate, with numerous leaflets; foliage is light green.
   
• Flowers: White, fluffy inflorescences resembling those of other species in the genus.
   
• Fruit: Flat, elongated pods containing several seeds.​
   

• Color: Heartwood is light orange-brown when freshly cut, becoming yellow-brown or brown with a golden luster upon drying; sharply demarcated from the thin whitish sapwood.
   
• Density: Basic specific gravity of 0.56; air-dry density approximately 41 lb/ft³.
   
• Texture: Medium to rather coarse; grain generally interlocked.
   
• Durability: Heartwood is rated durable to very durable upon exposure to both white-rot and brown-rot fungi.
   
• Workability: Easy to work; surfaces finish smoothly after sanding; sawn surfaces are somewhat woolly.
   
• Drying: Moderate rate of drying; may result in some warping and slight checking.
   
• Shrinkage: Green to oven-dry: radial 2.9%; tangential 4.5%; volumetric 7.6%.​
   

• Construction: Used in shipbuilding (planking, ribs, decking), railroad cross ties, general construction, flooring, decorative veneers, and furniture components.
   
• Woodworking: Suitable for making furniture, cabinetry, and other wood products.
   
• Dye Production: Golden dye obtained from the heartwood.​
   

• Nitrogen Fixation: Fixes atmospheric nitrogen, enriching soil fertility.
   
• Shade Tree: Provides shade in coffee plantations and other agricultural settings.
   
• Forage: Foliage serves as high-quality forage for livestock.
   
• Fire Resistance: Can survive forest fires.
   
• Soil Tolerance: Tolerant of shallow, infertile soils; prefers deep, fertile soils.
   
• Pollination: Attracts bees, aiding in pollination.​
   

• Aesthetic Appeal: Distinctive ear-shaped pods and spreading canopy make it an attractive ornamental tree.
   
• Sustainability: Nitrogen-fixing properties and rapid growth make it a sustainable choice for agroforestry and reforestation projects.
   
• Versatility: Suitable for various applications, including furniture, construction, and agriculture.
   
• Durability: Heartwood is highly durable, making it ideal for outdoor and marine applications.​
   

• Habitat: Ficus species typically thrive in tropical and subtropical climates, often found in rainforests and forest edges.​
   
• Growth Form: Many Ficus species are large trees or shrubs, some of which are epiphytic or strangler figs.​
   
• Reproductive System: Ficus trees have a unique syconium (fig fruit) structure, which houses numerous tiny flowers. These fruits are pollinated by specific fig wasps, forming a mutualistic relationship.​
   

• Density: Ficus wood varies in density, typically ranging from lightweight to medium-weight hardwood.
   
• Grain and Texture: The grain is often straight to interlocked, with a moderately coarse to coarse texture.​
   
• Durability: Generally, Ficus wood is not highly durable and may be susceptible to pests and decay if not properly treated.​
   
• Workability: The wood is usually easy to saw and finish, though the presence of latex can sometimes cause clogging of saw blades.​
   

• Timber: Used in lightweight construction, furniture, and cabinetry.​
   
• Fruits: The fig fruits are edible and consumed by various wildlife and humans in some cultures.​
   
• Traditional Medicine: Some Ficus species are used in traditional medicine for their purported health benefits.​
   

• Keystone Species: Ficus trees are considered keystone species in many tropical ecosystems due to their role in providing year-round fruit resources for a variety of frugivores.​
   
• Biodiversity Support: The fruits support numerous species of birds, mammals, and insects, contributing to the overall biodiversity of the area.​
   
• Forest Restoration: Ficus species often play a crucial role in forest succession and restoration, acting as pioneer species that facilitate the establishment of other plants.​
   

• Ecological Importance: Their role in supporting biodiversity and aiding in forest restoration makes them valuable in conservation efforts.​
   
• Sustainable Timber Source: When managed properly, Ficus wood can be a renewable resource for various wood products.​
   
• Cultural Significance: In some cultures, fig fruits and parts of the tree are used in traditional practices, adding cultural value.​
   

Scientific Name: Hura crepitans
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Common Names: Sandbox Tree, Possumwood, Monkey No-Climb, Assacu, Jabillo, Ceiba Amarilla, Ceiba de Leche

Native to the tropical regions of North and South America, including the Amazon rainforest, Hura crepitans is also found in parts of the West Indies, Central America, and northern Brazil and Bolivia. ​

• Height: Commonly reaches heights of 90 to 130 feet (27 to 40 meters) with clear boles of 40 to 75 feet (12 to 23 meters).
   
• Diameter: Diameters of 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 meters) and occasionally up to 6 to 9 feet (1.8 to 2.7 meters).
   
• Trunk: Covered with conical spines, deterring climbing.
   
• Leaves: Broadly ovate with a papery feel, measuring up to 60 cm in width.
   
• Flowers: Male flowers grow on long spikes; female flowers are solitary.
   
• Fruit: Pumpkin-shaped capsules that explode with a loud bang when ripe, dispersing seeds over a wide area. ​

• Color: Heartwood is pale yellowish-brown or pale olive-gray; sapwood is yellowish-white, often indistinct from heartwood.
   
• Grain: Straight to interlocked.
   
• Texture: Fine to medium.
   
• Density: Air-dried density ranges from 15 to 28 lb/ft³ (240 to 448 kg/m³).
   
• Workability: Moderately difficult; green material is somewhat difficult to work due to tension wood, which can result in a fuzzy surface.
   
• Durability: Variable resistance to decay fungi; highly susceptible to blue stain and very susceptible to wood termites. However, the wood is easy to treat with preservatives. ​
   

• Furniture: Used in general carpentry and lower-grade furniture.
   
• Veneer & Plywood: Utilized in the production of veneer and plywood.
   
• Fiberboard & Particleboard: Employed in the manufacturing of fiberboard and particleboard.
   
• Canoes: Light enough wood used by indigenous people to make canoes.
   
• Poison: The milky, caustic sap has been used to poison fish and as arrow poison. ​
   

• Shade Tree: Often cultivated for shade purposes.
   
• Invasive Species: Naturalized in regions like Australia and parts of Africa, where it is considered invasive. ​
   

• Toxicity: The sap is highly toxic and can cause skin rashes or temporary blindness upon contact.
   
• Explosive Seed Dispersal: The fruit capsules explode when ripe, launching seeds at high speeds, which can cause injury. 

Scientific Name: Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken
Family: Boraginaceae
Common Names: Spanish Elm, Ecuador Laurel, Bocote, Canalete, Salmwood ​

• Native Range: Southern Mexico, Central America, and tropical South America.
   
• Habitat: Thrives in both wet and dry forests, up to 1,800 meters above sea level.
   
• Ecological Role: A pioneer species capable of colonizing bare soil; attracts pollinators and is tolerant of high winds.
   

• Height: Up to 30 meters tall.
   
• Trunk Diameter: Typically around 0.6–1 meter.
   
• Crown: Narrow and sparse in low-lying humid regions; broader in other habitats.
   
• Bark: Smooth and light gray in mature trees.
   
• Leaves: Large, ovate, dark green leaves.
   
• Flowers: Small, white, and fragrant, attracting bees and other pollinators.​
   

• Color: Heartwood ranges from light yellowish to medium golden brown, sometimes with darker streaks.
   
• Grain: Straight to shallowly interlocked.
   
• Texture: Medium, with good natural luster.
   
• Density: Approximately 565 kg/m³ at 12% moisture content.
   
• Janka Hardness: 890 lbf (3,970 N).
   
• Durability: Moderately durable; heartwood has good resistance to termites and decay, but sapwood is more susceptible.
   
• Workability: Easy to work with hand or machine tools; glues, stains, and finishes well. 

• Furniture: Tables, chairs, cabinets, and fine woodworking.
   
• Flooring: Durable and visually appealing hardwood flooring.
   
• Veneer & Plywood: Used extensively for veneer and plywood production.
   
• Boatbuilding: Suitable for boat construction due to its resistance to decay.
   
• Millwork: Joinery, moldings, and picture frames.
   
• Others: Boxes, crates, and light construction. ​
   

• Nitrogen Fixation: Enhances soil fertility, benefiting surrounding vegetation.
   
• Erosion Control: Strong root systems help prevent soil erosion in tropical regions.
   
• Biodiversity Support: Provides habitat and food for birds, bees, and other pollinators.
   
• Agroforestry: Widely planted as a shade tree for coffee and cacao crops.
   

• Aesthetic Appeal: Light golden-brown wood with subtle grain patterns makes it attractive for high-end applications.
   
• Versatility: Suitable for a wide range of applications, from furniture to structural components.
   
• Sustainability: Fast-growing and widely cultivated, making it a sustainable hardwood option.
   
• Workability: Easy to work with, allowing for intricate designs and finishes.

Scientific Name: Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Common Names: Gliricidia, Mexican Lilac, Madre de Cacao, Nicaraguan Cocoashade, Quick Stick, Aaron’s Rod, Tree of Iron, St. Vincent Plum, Kakawate (Philippines) ​

• Native Range: Central America, particularly Mexico and Guatemala.
   
• Habitat: Thrives in tropical climates with annual rainfall ranging from 900 to 3,500 mm and temperatures between 20°C and 30°C.
   
• Global Presence: Widely cultivated and naturalized across the tropics, including Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands. ​
   

• Height: Typically 2 to 15 meters tall.
   
• Trunk Diameter: Up to 30 cm.
   
• Bark: Smooth, grayish-brown to whitish, may be deeply furrowed on older trees.
   
• Leaves: Odd-pinnate, 20 to 30 cm long, with 7 to 25 ovate or elliptic leaflets.
   
• Flowers: Bright pink to lilac, tinged with white, borne in clusters.
   
• Fruit: Dehiscent pods, 10 to 15 cm long, containing 3 to 10 seeds.​
   

• Color: Heartwood is light brown to reddish-brown; sapwood is pale yellow.
   
• Grain: Straight to slightly interlocked.
   
• Texture: Medium, with a moderate natural luster.
   
• Density: Approximately 600–720 kg/m³.
   
• Janka Hardness: Approximately 1,240 lbf.
   
• Durability: Moderately durable; heartwood resists decay, but sapwood is more susceptible.
   
• Workability: Easy to work with hand and machine tools; glues and finishes well. ​
   

• Furniture: Used in the construction of furniture items.
   
• Construction: Suitable for making poles and light structural components.
   
• Fuelwood: Burns with little smoke and no sparks, with a calorific value of 4,900 kcal/kg.
   
• Fodder: High-protein leaves are used as livestock feed.
   
• Green Manure: Nitrogen-rich foliage improves soil fertility.
   
• Shade Tree: Provides shade for crops like cocoa, coffee, and tea.
   
• Living Fence: Used for creating living fences and windbreaks.
   
• Medicinal Uses: Leaves and flowers are used in traditional medicine.
   
• Insect Repellent: Leaf extracts are used to repel insects. ​
   

• Soil Fertility: As a legume, it fixes nitrogen in the soil, enhancing fertility.
   
• Erosion Control: Root system helps in stabilizing soil and preventing erosion.
   
• Agroforestry: Widely used in agroforestry systems for intercropping.
   
• Fire Tolerance: Tolerates fire well and resprouts quickly. ​
   

• Sustainability: Fast-growing and nitrogen-fixing, making it environmentally friendly.
   
• Versatility: Suitable for various applications, from construction to agriculture.
   
• Economic Value: Provides multiple products, enhancing farm income.
   
• Ease of Propagation: Can be propagated by seed or cuttings.